Alan Turing Computer Designer, Codebreaker, Enigma

The Turing Test is a method saas development in 2022 of inquiry in artificial intelligence (AI) for determining whether or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being. The test is named after Alan Turing, the founder of the Turing Test and an English computer scientist, cryptanalyst, mathematician and theoretical biologist. Turing moved to London in the mid-1940s, and began working for the National Physical Laboratory.

His general libertarian attitude was enhancedrather than suppressed by the criminal trial, and his intellectualindividuality also remained as lively as ever. While remaining formallya Reader in the Theory of Computing, he not only embarked on moreambitious applications of his biological theory, but advanced new ideasfor fundamental physics. Turing’s motivations were scientific rather than industrial orcommercial, and he soon returned to the theoretical limitations ofcomputation, this time focussing on the comparison of the power ofcomputation and the power of the human brain.

Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing:

Suppose a human who knows no Chinese is locked in a room with a large set of Chinese characters and a manual that shows how to match questions in Chinese with appropriate responses from the set of Chinese characters. The room has a slot through which Chinese speakers can insert questions in Chinese and another slot through which the human can push out the appropriate responses from the manual. However, since the human does not know Chinese and is just following the manual, no actual thinking is happening. Turing did not explicitly discuss the question of the speedof his elementary actions. It is left implicit in his discussion, byhis use of the word ‘never,’ that it is not possible forinfinitely many steps to be performed in a finite time. Davies (2001), forinstance, describes a ‘machine’ with an infinite number ofparts, requiring components of arbitrarily small size, running atarbitrarily high speeds.

Famous British People

The Logic Theorist, as the program became known, was designed to prove theorems from Principia Mathematica (1910–13), a three-volume work by the British philosopher-mathematicians Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. In one instance, a proof devised by the program was more elegant than the proof given in the books. Samuel’s checkers program was also notable for being one of the first efforts at evolutionary computing. One remarkable result of Turing’s investigation is that he wasable to describe a single computer which is able to computeany computable number. Today, λ-calculus is considered to be a basic model in thetheory of programming.

1 Impact on Theoretical Computer Science

At Bletchley Park Turing illustrated his ideas on machine intelligence by reference to chess—a useful source of challenging and clearly defined problems against which proposed methods for problem solving could be tested. In principle, a chess-playing computer could play by searching exhaustively through all the available moves, but in practice this is impossible because it would involve examining an astronomically large number of moves. Although Turing experimented with designing chess programs, he had to content himself with theory in the absence of a computer to run his chess program. The first true AI programs had to await the arrival of stored-program electronic digital computers. Besides the Turing machine, several other models were introducedindependently of Turing in the context of research into the foundationof mathematics which resulted in theses that are logically equivalentto Turing’s thesis.

Convergence of Language and Intelligence:

By theexpression ‘genetical or evolutionary search’, he alsoanticipated the ‘genetic algorithms’ which since the late1980s have been developed as a less closely structured approach toself-modifying programs. Turing’s proposals were not well developed in1948, and at a time when electronic computers were only barely inoperation, could not have been. Copeland and Proudfoot (1996) havedrawn fresh buy bitcoin cash with cash in philippines buy bitcoin with google play balance 2020 attention to Turing’s connectionist ideas, whichhave since been tried out (Teuscher 2001).

• Because all Zuse’s work was done in relative isolation, he knew little about work on computers in the United States and England, and, when the war began, the isolation became complete.
• Alan Turing introduced the Turing Test in his seminal paper titled “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” The test proposed a pragmatic approach to determine a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour indistinguishable from that of a human.
• Copeland and Proudfoot (1996) havedrawn fresh attention to Turing’s connectionist ideas, whichhave since been tried out (Teuscher 2001).
• Besides these variants on the Turing machine model, there are alsovariants that result in models which capture, in some well-definedsense, more than the (Turing)-computable functions.
• Erik Brynjolfsson has called this “The Turing Trap”104 and argued that there are currently excess incentives for creating machines that imitate rather than augment humans.

Zuse’s use of floating-point representation for numbers—the significant digits, known as the mantissa, are stored separately from a pointer to the decimal point, known as the exponent, allowing a very large range of numbers to be handled—was far ahead of its time. In addition, Zuse developed a rich set of instructions, handled infinite values correctly, and included a “no-op”—that is, an instruction that did nothing. Only significant experience in programming would show the need for something so apparently useless.

Unwilling or unable to remain within any standard role ordepartment of thought, Alan Turing continued a life full ofincongruity. Though a shy, boyish, man, he had a pivotal role in worldhistory through his role in Second World War cryptology. Though thefounder of the dominant technology of the twentieth century, hevariously impressed, charmed or disturbed people with his unworldlyinnocence and his dislike of moral or intellectual compromise. One interesting feature of the Turing test is the frequency of the confederate effect, when the confederate (tested) humans are misidentified by the interrogators as machines.

The Turing Test has been criticized over the years, in particular because historically, the nature of the questioning had to be limited in order for a computer to exhibit human-like intelligence. For many years, a computer might only score high if the questioner formulated the queries, so they had “Yes” or “No” answers or pertained to a narrow field of knowledge. When questions were open-ended and required conversational answers, it was less likely that the computer program could successfully fool the questioner. During the test, one of the humans functions as the questioner, while the offshore bitcoin wallet for storing and holding cryptocurrency second human and the computer function as respondents.

Though Joan gladly accepted, Turing quickly retracted, telling her of his homosexuality. By the early 21st century Turing’s prosecution for being gay had become infamous. In 2009 British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, speaking on behalf of the British government, publicly apologized for Turing’s “utterly unfair” treatment. But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went … Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool. We found a fortune-teller’s tent and Alan said he’d like to go in, so we waited around for him to come back …